A study led by Elizabeth Gunderson, assistant professor of psychology at Temple, found that toddlers who receive parental praise directed at their efforts more than they receive personal praise have a more positive approach to challenges five years later. The study, “Parent Praise to 1-3 Year Olds Predicts Children’s Motivational Frameworks Five Years Later,” published this month in the journal Child Development, also found gender differences in the manner parents offer praise to their children.